A hatályos büntetőeljárási törvény egyes változásainak vizsgálata a szervezett bűnözés elleni fellépés tükrében

Cél: Bűn nem maradhat büntetlenül – tartja a mondás. A szervezett bűnözői csoportok tevékenységeinek állandó változása miatt kiemelt rendőrségi feladattá vált azok bomlasztása, illetve felszámolása. A szervezett bűnözés elleni fellépést segítik elő többek között a hazai jogszabályok is, ezek között a büntetőeljárásról szóló 2017. évi XC. törvény olyan fejezetei, ami a titkos információgyűjtést 2018. július 1-jétől, a törvény kihirdetésétől alapjaiban megváltoztatta. Ezért annak a gyakorlati, jogalkalmazói megjelenése, új lehetséges szervezeti modellje, továbbá az Európai Unió más tagállamaiban kialakított megoldásainak összehasonlítása nélkülözhetetlen. A szerző tanulmányával kifejezetten a Be. törvény jogalkalmazói gyakorlatát kívánja vizsgálni a bűnügyi felderítés területén, különösen a jogászi hivatásrendek, az ügyészség és a nyomozó hatóság szemszögéből, mivel a büntetőeljárás mindennapi alkalmazása során merülhet fel számos olyan jelenség, ami a lehetséges problémákra rávilágíthat. Kutatási kérdésként került megfogalmazásra, hogy hazánkban a szervezett bűnözés elleni fellépést mennyire segítették elő a hatályos büntetőeljárási törvény egyes változásai? Módszertan: Az alkalmazott kutatási módszerekkel a cél, hogy az elmélet és a gyakorlat összhangja bemutatásra kerüljön. A tanulmány tartalmaz többekközött leíró elemzést, fogalmi, jogintézményi és szervezeti vonatkozásban, illetve joggyakorlat-elemzést és jogszabályelemzést. A kutatás alapját képezi egy esettanulmány, amelyben jelenleg is nyomozás folyik emberkereskedelem bűntett elkövetése miatt, illetve az Európai Unión belüli tagállamok mint részes felek közös nyomozó csoport felállításáról állapodtak meg. Az esettanulmány által lesz lehetőség arra is, hogy a nemzetközi bűnügyi együttműködés kapcsán megjelenő esetleges akadályok megfigyelésre kerüljenek, ehhez kapcsolódik még a koronavírus-járvány idején felmerülő egyéb akadályozó tényezők feltárása. Az esettanulmány elemzését megelőzően spontán interjúk készítésére is sor került rendőri és igazságügyi oldalról is. A rendőri oldalt tekintve felderítőkkel, igazságügyi oldalról pedig ügyészekkel készültek az interjúk. A kutatás során a szerző kitekintést tesz az Európai Unió más tagállamai által kialakított eljárásokra is. Megállapítások: A hazai büntetőeljáráson belül a leplezett eszközök megjelenése, átalakítása – a tanulmány kapcsán készült kutatás szerint – eltérően mutatkozik a rendőri és az ügyészi oldalon. A közös nyomozó csoport hatékonysága a gyakorlatban több szempontból is jól nyomon követhető. A nemzetközi érintettségű ügyekben az eljárásjogi akadályok kiküszöbölésére, illetve a nemzetközi bűnügyi és igazságügyi együttműködés kapcsán is számos előnyt jelent, ha a tagállamok közös nyomozó csoport felállításában állapodnak meg. Érték: A tanulmányban megállapítottak alkalmasak lehetnek a gyakorlatban dolgozó nyomozó hatóságok tagjai számára, akik nemzetközi vonatkozású ügyekben érintettek, illetve az ügyészség számára is egyfajta keresztmetszetet nyújt a jelenlegi helyzetről, további cél, hogy a leírtak megfontolásra kerüljenek. Mindemellett a tanulmány kitekintést is nyújt a nemzetközi bűnügyi együttműködés megvalósulására a koronavírus-járvány idején.Alternate : Aim: Crime cannot go unpunished – so the saying goes. The ever-changing activities of organised crime groups have made disrupting and dismantling them a priority for the police. Among other things, the fight against organised crime is facilitated by domestic legislation, including the chapters of Act XC of 2017 on the Code of Criminal Procedure, which fundamentally changed the collection of secret information from 1 July 2018, when the Act was promulgated. Therefore, its practical and law enforcement manifestation, its new possible organisational model, as well as the comparison with the solutions developed in other EuropeanUnion Member States are indispensable. The author with her study specifically intended to examine the practice of the application of the Criminal Procedure Act in the field of criminal investigation, in particular from the perspective of the legal professions, the prosecution and the investigating authority, since the everyday application of criminal procedure may give rise to a number of phenomena that may highlight potential problems. A research question was formulated: to what extent has the fight against organised crime in Hungary been facilitated by certain changes in the existing Criminal Procedure Act? Methodology: The aim of the research methods used is to demonstrate the consistency of theory and practice. The study includes, inter alia, descriptive analysis in conceptual, institutional and organisational aspects, as well as case law analysis and legislative analysis. The research is based on a case study of an ongoing investigation into the crime of trafficking in human beings and the fact that Member States within the European Union have agreed to set up a joint investigation team as parties to the case. The case study will also provide an opportunity to monitor possible obstacles to international criminal cooperation, including the identification of other obstacles that may have arisen during the coronavirus epidemic. Prior to the analysis of the case study, spontaneous interviews were also conducted with police and judicial authorities. Interviews were conducted with investigators on the police side and prosecutors on the judicial side. In the course of the research, the author also looks at the procedures developed in other EU Member States. Findings: The emergence and transformation of disguised instruments in domestic criminal proceedings – according to the research carried out for the study – differs between the police and the prosecution. In practice, the effectiveness of the joint investigation team can be traced in several ways. In cases with an international dimension, there are a number of advantages to be gained from Member States agreeing to set up a joint investigation team, both in terms of removing procedural obstacles and in terms of international criminal and judicial cooperation. Value: The findings of the study may be useful for practitioners in the investigative authorities involved in cases with an international dimension, as well as for the prosecution service, to provide a cross-section of the current situation, with the additional aim of giving the issues described here some consideration. In addition, the study also provides an insight into the implementation of international criminal cooperation in the period of the coronavirus epidemic.

De‐prosecution and death: A reply to an imprecise and ideological critique

In an original article, I analyzed a potential causal link between the policy of de‐prosecution in Philadelphia and an increase in homicides. Utilizing the traditional synthetic control method with extensive descriptive data and a donor pool of the other 99 largest cities in the United States, the results demonstrated a statistically significant increase of over 74 homicides per year in Philadelphia during 2015‐19 associated with de‐prosecution (p<.05). A reaction essay addressing the original article on de‐prosecution has been submitted. In this reply, I correct inaccuracies in the reaction essay, explain the validity of methodological choices, discuss the reaction's misunderstanding of certain quantitative issues, and expose the ideological purposes of the reaction. In addition, I have included updated parallel research addressing the issue of de‐prosecution and examine the theoretical impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic on the interaction between de‐prosecution and homicides.

Working Toward a Fair and Just Reentry Process

[...]because of the lack of preparation, support, and services, many formerly incarcerated individuals wind up re-incarcerated. According to a BJS review of criminal history data from 34 states, 6 in IO people released from prison in 2012 were rearrested within three years. Correctional facilities serve as congregate care settings, with limited access to appropriate protective equipment and materials to maintain sanitary conditions, limited ability for incarcerated people to adopt public health mitigation measures such as social distancing, and relatively low rates of vaccination. See Craig Haney, The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment (prepared for the From Prison to Home Conf., Jan. 30-31, 2002), https://tinyurl.com/yc335v5v. [...]there is often an inability to maintain a healthy lifestyle, with limited access to nutritious food, time outdoors, or physical activity, and a woeful lack of access to treatment and resources for individuals with chronic physical health, mental health, and substance use issues.

National Health Act amendments - What do they mean?

AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT : The National Department of Health has made amendments to the National Health Act to ensure government is equipped to control and manage the resurgence of COVID-19. Minister of Health, Joe Phaahla, confirmed that a number of regulations from the disaster management act will be permanently added. Changes have also been made to the Surveillance and Control of Notifiable Diseases and Medical Conditions to include the coronavirus

COVID-19 Regulations: Children must wear masks at school

"AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT : The Department of Health announced on Thursday that children must continue wearing masks at school and other general indoor gatherings. On Wednesday night when it released new limited COVID-19 regulations, it stated that children would not have to wear masks at school. But late Thursday it retracted the statement, and said the confusion was created by ""regrettable human error"". ""Children like other people are expected to continue complying with the provisions of Regulation 16A on face masks in the classrooms and general indoor gatherings, unlike outdoors in playgrounds and sports fields,"" the DoH said in the statement"

COVID-19 regulations: South Africans breathe a sigh of relief

"AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT : You no longer have to wear a mask outdoors and you can now be half a metre closer to people. These are among the changes that President Cyril Ramaphosa made to the COVID-19 regulations last night. Ramaphosa also confirmed that the state of disaster would end once public comment on the health regulations published by Health Minister, Joe Phaahla, is completed. ""The end of the National State of Disaster does not mean the end of the pandemic. It just means that we are changing the way we manage the pandemic. We will rely on health rather than disaster management regulations. It means that we are learning to live with the virus in our presence,"" said Ramaphosa He said after four waves of infection, fewer people are becoming severely ill and requiring hospitalisation. And fewer people are dying as a result of the virus. Ramaphosa added: ""Our scientists tell us that this is mainly due to between 60 and 80% of the population having some form of immunity, either from previous infection or vaccination."""

End of State of Disaster does not mean end of COVID-19

"AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT : Ending the National State of Disaster does not mean the COVID-19 pandemic has ended, warned Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma on Tuesday afternoon. Dlamini-Zuma said it just means South Africa has reached a stage where the pandemic can no longer be classified as a disaster and can be managed without invoking the Disaster Management Act. President Cyril Ramaphosa announced the end of the state of disaster on Monday after 750 days of national lockdown. ""We need to introduce traditional measures which are post-disaster management and rehabilitation measures to continue managing the spread of the virus for 30 days. These include the continued wearing of masks indoors and in public gatherings. It is not necessary outdoors."""

Sector requires support to recover, reap economic benefits

Despite the manufacturing sector being the fourth highest contributor to the gross domestic product, it has been in decline in recent years, and shrunk, impacting the overall economy.

Prosecutorial Discretion During a Pandemic: Implications for the Criminal Justice System and the Rule of Law

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the course of history in many significant ways. This virus is highly contagious, and it has proven to be a major concern in densely populated communities such as prisons. In addition to sheer density, prisons tend to hold clusters of people belonging to vulnerable populations which are at an elevated risk of becoming seriously ill or dying as a result of contracting the virus. Many localities across the nation have responded to the threat COVID poses to prison operations by preemptively announcing non-prosecution policies and blanket release policies. Under the former, a locality announces particular crimes or levels of offenses which will not be prosecuted for a certain period of time or for the foreseeable future, thereby allowing those who violate these particular laws to go unpunished. Under the latter, a locality allows groups of prisoners to be released en masse--whether by crime, by age, or by another metric or formula--rather than based upon the exigencies of their individual situations. This Note argues that the criminal justice system's blanket release and non-prosecution policies are not the proper response to the COVID pandemic.

PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF ATTRACTING CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE CRIMES AGAINST INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

Мета. Дати рекомендацп по вдосконаленню нормативно-правових актш щодо регулювання вщповщних правовщносин у сферi кримшалтци дшнь, пов'язаних İ3 порушенням законодавства про охорону пращ. Методика. Дослщження проблемних питань притягнення до вщповщальноста за порушення вимог законодавства про охорону пращ здшснювалося через вивчення та аналш: законодавчо! бази Украши;робта науковщв у вщповщних галузях;аналшу судово! практики (на прикладi аналiзу судово! практики за справами, розглянутими судами загально! юрисдикци Днiпропетровськоī областi та Верховним Судом за останш 3 роки) з питань притягнення осШ до кримшально! вiдповiдальностi за ч.ч. 1, 2 ст. 271 Кримшального кодексу Укра!ни «Порушення шення вимог законодавства про охорону пращ». Результата. Виявлеш окремi проблеми, що виникають при формуваннi кримiнально-правовоī практики притягнення до вщповщальноста осiб, обвинувачених у скоeннi кримiнальних правопорушень, пов'язаних и порушенням законодавства про працю, що призвело до спричинення шкоди здоров'ю працiвника або його загибелi, у тому чи

Abortion Care Is Health Care: A Public Health of Consequence, September 2022

[...]although poor women saw a 26% decrease, women living at or above 200% of the poverty level saw a 36% decrease in abortions. [...]between 2011 and 2015, conservative state legislators enacted 288 restrictions on women seeking abortion care (e.g., 24-hour waiting periods, mandatory counseling, bans on abortions after the first trimester, and banning medication abortion) as well as on abortion care providers (most commonly referred to as "targeted regulation of abortion providers," or TRAP laws, that mandated a number of unnecessary and onerous burdens on providers;https://bit.ly/3NYKZLM). [...]it is possible that declines in overall fertility were related to the recession, particularly fertility among adolescents,2 women already living in poverty, and women who already had children.3 Second, use of long-acting reversible contraception increased from 6% in 2008 to 12% in 2012.4Third, women residing in Medicaid expansion states had greater access to contraception as part of their insurance coverage than did women in nonexpansion states. [...]expansion of access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health care by expanding insurance coverage for these services is being proposed in several states.